Originally Posted by tripod

You can't have R+ without P- and you can't have P+ without R- so thats why there is confusion because there is an increase in one behaviour (hopefully the desired behaviour ) and a decrease in other behaviours.

By rewarding sit (R+) you are punishing other responses (P-)
By punishing pulling (P+) you are reinforcing other responses e.g. not pulling (R-)

Its only in theory that they are isolated - in practice they never are

Originally Posted by Wikipedia

Reinforcement is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency.
Punishment is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency.
Extinction is the lack of any consequence following a behavior. When a behavior is inconsequential (i.e., producing neither favorable nor unfavorable consequences) it will occur with less frequency. When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced with either positive or negative reinforcement, it leads to a decline in the response.
..
Four contexts of operant conditioning

Here the terms positive and negative are not used in their popular sense, but rather: positive refers to addition, and negative refers to subtraction.

What is added or subtracted may be either reinforcement or punishment. Hence positive punishment is sometimes a confusing term, as it denotes the "addition" of a stimulus or increase in the intensity of a stimulus that is aversive (such as spanking or an electric shock). The four procedures are:

Positive reinforcement (Reinforcement): occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a stimulus that is appetitive or rewarding, increasing the frequency of that behavior. In the Skinner box experiment, a stimulus such as food or sugar solution can be delivered when the rat engages in a target behavior, such as pressing a lever.
Negative reinforcement (Escape): occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, thereby increasing that behavior's frequency. In the Skinner box experiment, negative reinforcement can be a loud noise continuously sounding inside the rat's cage until it engages in the target behavior, such as pressing a lever, upon which the loud noise is removed.
Positive punishment (Punishment) (also called "Punishment by contingent stimulation"): occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by a stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.
Negative punishment (Penalty) (also called "Punishment by contingent withdrawal"): occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of a stimulus, such as taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that behavior.
..
Extinction occurs when a behavior (response) that had previously been reinforced is no longer effective. In the Skinner box experiment, this is the rat pushing the lever and being rewarded with a food pellet several times, and then pushing the lever again and never receiving a food pellet again. Eventually the rat would cease pushing the lever

Originally Posted by Lou Castle

This last part is not correct. Each application of the shock is another example of +P. It's ADDED to the situation making it + and it tends to make the behavior of the dog, not to obey the recall command not repeat, making it P. So it's +P. It does not become –R because the dog learns how to avoid the shock. One judges which segment of OC a stimulus falls under by looking at that individual incident, not how the behavior ONE THE WHOLE is affected.

.

Originally Posted by Lou Castle

Yep, this is so.
...
Nononono. While having a dog sit by a door diminishes or reduces the frequency of running out it DOES NOT PUNISH IT, under the terms used in OC. Diminishing something is NOT the same as punishing it.
...
See above. NOT doing something (here not choking/pinching the ear) is NOT part of OC. Look again. Something must be actively added to the environment or something that is present must be actively removed.