Third eye lids are a membrane which will help keep the eyeball clear of dirt and debris and keep it moist. It's not normally visible in a healthy cat but can become visible when there's irritation in the eye. A vet can manipulate the muscles around the eye to make it cover the eye. As far as I'm aware cats are born with them.
Found a bit of info on this site
Animal Planet :: Cat Guide -- Body -- Third Eyelid